{"id":109601,"date":"2023-02-28T05:05:08","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T05:05:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/?p=109601"},"modified":"2023-02-28T05:06:17","modified_gmt":"2023-02-28T05:06:17","slug":"introducing-fire-and-storm-by-michael-roberts-by-michael-roberts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/introducing-fire-and-storm-by-michael-roberts-by-michael-roberts\/","title":{"rendered":"Introducing FIRE AND STORM by Michael Roberts – By Michael Roberts"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introducing FIRE AND STORM by Michael Roberts<\/span> – By Michael Roberts<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\"Michael<\/p>\n

Source :\u00a0thuppahis<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Anonymous Reviewer in\u00a0Sunday Times,<\/em>\u00a021 July 2013,\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0where the title runs\u00a0\u201cImportant contribution towards a dialogue on Lankan polity. Book facts\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

When Michael Roberts left Peradeniya in the late seventies, he was part of an exodus of intellectuals from the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, arguably one of the best universities at that time. The exodus of academics at that time was compelled by the economic difficulties faced by university dons. It was the second wave of such emigration that diminished the intellectual life of the university and country.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Unique<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Unique<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Pirap\u0101haran and leading Tiger Commanders\u00a0at the Indian sponsored training camp at Sirimalai in 1984<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

The Arts Faculty of the University of Peradeniya never regained its prestigious academic status after that. Today the University of Peradeniya cannot take pride in intellectuals of the eminence of E. F. C. Ludowyck, E. R Sarachchandra,\u00a0H. A. de<\/a>\u00a0S. Gunasekera, Fr. Ignatius Pinto, Ian Van den Driesen and many others.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Fortunately, Michael Roberts left his heart behind in the country of his birth. His writings on Sri Lanka have been as prolific as varied<\/strong>. This anthology of articles reprinting essays published in many journals and websites is proof of that involvement with the country\u2019s problems. Despite his shift from History at Peradeniya to Anthropology at the University of Adelaide,\u00a0his continued interest, engagement and involvement with national questions is amply demonstrated in these essays written between 2000 and 2009.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

This book is a companion volume to the author\u2019s\u00a0Confrontations in Sri Lanka: Sinhalese, LTTE and Others<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0published in 2009. The earlier book was a collection of essays that had been published in refereed academic journals. In comparison,\u00a0Fire and Storm<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>is a collection of mostly shorter articles published in popular journals, newspapers and web-sites. The author presents these essays as less academic and addressed to the intelligent general reader. However, several of the essays are of academic excellence and enquiry.<\/span><\/p>\n

The book also contains two articles intended for an academic journal: \u201cSelf-annihilation \u2014 Tamil Tigers & beyond: cultural premises inspiring sacrificial suicidal acts\u201d, and \u201cThe Tamil movement for Eelam\u201d and a lengthy essay, entitled \u201cSuicide for Political Cause\u201d that has combined four short articles presented initially in the web site\u00a0Transcurrents.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

The essays in the first part,\u00a0Political Excursions on Historical Reinterpretation<\/strong>, address the issue of the historical validity and veracity of the Vijaya legend. As a historian, Roberts debunks the legend of Vijaya that has led to Sinhala chauvinism. In the first three chapters of the book he points out that the Vijaya legend is a myth without any historical basis or evidence. Since the legend is accepted popularly by the Sinhalese, it is the basis for a separate Sinhala identity and the view that Sri Lanka is a country of Sinhala Buddhists for the Sinhalas. This perspective is significant for contemporary problems as it undermines the concept of a pure Sinhala \u201crace\u201d. This mindset, he points out, is inimical to ethnic harmony and a united Sri Lanka. He contends that the Vijaya legend is a mythical story undermined and contradicted by evidence and not validated by empirical evidence.<\/span><\/p>\n

Roberts contends: \u201cSo can we do without Vijaya or Ravana? Indeed we can. It is imperative that we move into the new millennium without the weight of such archaic baggage.\u201d He regrets the tendency of any \u2018Tom, Dick or Harry\u2019 writing history to argue for positions that ignore the several waves of the country\u2019s history that makes those interpretations irrelevant or false. He laments that history is considered fact and that in the teaching and writing of history there is inadequate weight attached to the interpretation of facts in any analysis and the presence of contested interpretations.<\/span><\/p>\n

A central theme of the essays in this part is the danger of the misuse of history and the pitfalls of being motivated by the myths of history. He argues that a modern nation should not be burdened and retarded by history. \u201cHistory as Dynamite\u201d, the title of the second Chapter, is an apt statement of the author\u2019s view that history could be used for the detriment of a modern nation as has happened in many countries.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the four chapters of the second part\u00a0Political Excursions on Identity<\/strong>, Roberts analyses the ethnic composition of the Sri Lankan nation debunking concepts of ethnic and \u201cracial\u201d purity and addresses the vital issue of what constitutes the Sri Lankan identity. He pleads for a Sri Lankaness rather than an ethnic divisiveness. \u201cWe must decry chauvinism and racism and retrieve, if possible, the idea of a Sri Lankaness constituted upon the building blocks of a Tamil nation, a Sinhala nation, a Muslim community and other communities \u2026..\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

The six chapters of the third part on\u00a0Political Excursions on the Polity<\/strong>\u00a0explore the origins of the term Eelam and its changing interpretations and meaning over time among Tamil protagonists. It poses the issue and discusses whether Eelam as a separate nation was at anytime a viable proposition as the existence of two separate nations in such intertwined proximity would be beset with tension and conflict that would generate continuous violence and even wars over time. Roberts\u2019s \u201cpragmatic realism\u201d therefore led him to alter his position and opt for a plural polity which had a pyramid structure wherein the building blocks made up of a Sinhala \u201cnation\u201d, a Tamil \u201cnation\u201d, a Muslim \u201ccommunity\u201d and a multiplicity of other \u201ccommunities\u201d that constituted a sustainable \u201cSri Lankan nation\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

The four chapters of the fourth part\u00a0Political Excursions of Comparative Scope,<\/strong>\u00a0attempts to discover the philosophical, religious and cultural foundations that make people lay down their lives for a cause. He tries to discover the motivations for selfless commitment to a cause among different cultures by comparing the selfless sacrifice inspiring Japanese Kamikaze, radical Islamic Mujahidines and the Tamil Tigers of Eelam. He dismisses the idea that brainwashing was the primary reason, though admitting it was a part of the techniques of preparation for suicidal actions.<\/span><\/p>\n

The fifth part,\u00a0Tamil Tigers: Emergence, Actions, Rituals<\/strong>\u00a0examines in detail the evolution of the Tamil movement for an independent state. It discusses the embryonic origins of the Tamil movement for Eelam from 1956 to the 1970s, beginning with the disaffection caused by the Sinhala Only Act and the discrimination of the quota basis of admission to universities. It analyses the relationship between the Tamil people and the LTTE, disillusionment among Tamil people with the old leadership of Tamil parties, the formation of the not too successful TULF and the ideological foundations of the LTTE and gives an informative time chart of events that resulted in the formation of the LTTE. The three chapters in this part are a comprehensive well documented historical record and analysis of the ethnic divide.<\/span><\/p>\n

The five chapters of the sixth part of the book are the most controversial. They survey the last few months of the final stages of the war that are very much the core issue of the current controversies on human rights. Roberts takes a realistic view of the turn of events of the last stages of the war saying that the brutalities were inevitable. His reply to the cruelties of the last stages of the war is through the rhetorical question: \u201cWhat war is not cruel?\u201d This is a more realistic attitude than that which claims zero casualties, a goal that is impractical in wars, especially the type of unconventional and brutal Sri Lankan civil war.<\/span><\/p>\n

Being written over a long period of time when the government\u2019s stance, as well as that of the LTTE changed, and the fortunes of the war kept changing, Roberts\u2019 views on the national question too understandably changed over time. One factor was critical: as the intransigence of the LTTE became clearer, Roberts\u2019 sympathy towards the Tamil cause, changed. He makes these changing views over the period very clear in the introduction to the book. He discloses his shift thus: \u201cSome outstanding errors in my evaluations will become immediately evident: some articles (chapters 10-13 below) were i informed by my belief in the early 2000s that the government of Sri Lanka did not have the capacity to defeat the LTTE. I was not a alone in this mistaken assumption. Several Indian and Western military analysts are known to ha have held a similar view.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

This view guided several of the articles in this book; those written between 2002 and 2005. At that stage he advocated a compromise: a\u00a0modus vivendi<\/em>\u00a0on the lines of internal self-determinanation for the north and east as the pragmatic means of ending the conflict. He characterises this stance as \u201cpragmatic realism.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

In retrospect, Roberts admits that this contention had \u201ca fatal flaw within its own realist realm\u201d. There has never been a federal state where two units of federation had separate armies and navies. Therefore he contends that internal self-determination on such foundations would not have lasted long. He also admits in his introduction that he was mistaken in his early view that Prabhakaran was ready to compromise. \u201cHe (Prabhakaran) was not prepared to accept what I have called \u2018Pragmatic Eelam\u2019 as distinct from \u2018Wholesale Eelam\u2019.\u201d Indeed, Roberts notes that during the past year many moderate Tamils have lamented this short-sightedness and have sharply criticized the LTTE and its migrant hardliners for their inflexibility.<\/span><\/p>\n

Alternatively, Roberts postulates the concept of an overarching \u201cSri Lankan nation\u201d constituted by the varied communities that live in the country with the \u201cSinhala nation,\u201d the \u201cTamil nation\u201d and the \u201cMuslim community\u201d being the three main components. The recognition of a \u201cnationality\u201d or \u201cnation\u201d within the polity does not necessarily undermine the broader sentiments of Sri Lankan-ness; it could buttress and strengthen its foundations. A person could thus see oneself as a \u201cSinhala Lankan\u201d or a \u201cTamil Lankan\u201d or \u201cMuslim Lankan\u201d as the case may be; while others see themselves only as \u201cSri Lankan\u201d, downplaying their lineage ethnicity. This is the underlying conceptualization that could lead to a durable peace devoid of ethnic conflict and a united nation.<\/span><\/p>\n

This line of thinking implicitly rejects the American melting pot concept of nationhood as irrelevant at this point of time in the nation\u2019s history. The American concept of the large number of different communities melting together into a harmonious whole with a common culture is not a pragmatic alternative at this point in time when there is a clash of ethnicities and religions. This concept is not an antithesis to the concept of multiculturalism, which recognizes that cultural differences within society enrich the national fabric within a strong American nationalism.<\/span><\/p>\n

Roberts\u2019s underlying conceptualization too underscores the need to be a Lankan nation rather than a Sinhala nation to ensure a durable peace devoid of ethnic conflict and a united nation with greater cultural heterogeneity and cultural identity.<\/span><\/p>\n

Much of the earlier essays are interesting as an evolution of ideas during the nearly three decade conflict and war. They are also fascinating to the perceptive reader on how the conflict can now be resolved after the Rajapaksa regime\u2019s convincing military victory. The book would have been a much more succinct and forceful if the essays had been integrated. However this should not detract from the fact that the essays are an essential read for those interested in the ethnic conflict and the war that destroyed so many lives on both sides of the divide.<\/span><\/p>\n

A review of this nature cannot convey adequately the many facets, ideas, arguments, contentions and conceptualizations of a book of 38 chapters. Arguments forcefully put by the author are often contentious. The changing perceptions of the author as the country\u2019s conflict changes must be kept in mind in reading the first four parts of the book in particular.<\/span><\/p>\n

Michael Roberts\u2019 book\u00a0Fire and Storm<\/em>\u00a0is an important contribution towards a dialogue on the Sri Lankan polity. It records contrasting views on Eelam and the politics of Eelam and provides a basis for clearer understanding of LTTE terrorism and armed conflict and the understanding of recent Sri Lankan history. The perceptive reader would also find ideas for national unity and nation building.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Unique
From left to right the photo shows Lingam (bodyguard), Aruna (Commander, Batticaloa), Pirap\u0101haran,(talaivar), Pulendran (Commander, Trincomalee), Victor (Commander, Mannar) and Pottu Amman (Intelligence) at the Indian sponsored training camp at Sirimalai in 1984<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introducing FIRE AND STORM by Michael Roberts – By Michael Roberts Source :\u00a0thuppahis Anonymous Reviewer in\u00a0Sunday Times,\u00a021 July 2013,\u00a0\u00a0where the title runs\u00a0\u201cImportant contribution towards a dialogue on Lankan polity. Book facts\u201d When Michael Roberts left Peradeniya in the late seventies, he was part of an exodus of intellectuals from the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, arguably […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":109602,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,42710],"tags":[51463,51464,51462],"class_list":{"0":"post-109601","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-aside","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-articles","8":"category-michael-roberts","9":"tag-anthropology","10":"tag-fire-and-storm","11":"tag-journals","12":"post_format-post-format-aside"},"yoast_head":"\nIntroducing FIRE AND STORM by Michael Roberts - By Michael Roberts - eLanka<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Anonymous Reviewer in Sunday Times, 21 July 2013, where the title runs \u201cImportant contribution towards a dialogue on\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Introducing FIRE AND STORM by Michael Roberts - 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