{"id":124133,"date":"2023-11-05T17:32:55","date_gmt":"2023-11-05T17:32:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/?p=124133"},"modified":"2023-11-05T17:32:55","modified_gmt":"2023-11-05T17:32:55","slug":"how-buddhist-emperor-ashoka-ruled-a-diverse-population-by-p-k-balachandran","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/how-buddhist-emperor-ashoka-ruled-a-diverse-population-by-p-k-balachandran\/","title":{"rendered":"How Buddhist Emperor Ashoka ruled a diverse population- By P. K. Balachandran"},"content":{"rendered":"

How Buddhist Emperor Ashoka ruled a diverse population- By P. K. Balachandran<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\"elanka\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Source:<\/span><\/strong>Sundayobserver<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Personally, a committed Buddhist, who also preached Buddhism, Emperor Ashoka used universally acceptable moral principles to unite and rule his vast Empire with a diverse population.<\/span><\/p>\n

A perusal of the works of two outstanding Sri Lankan scholars on Emperor Ashoka, Prof.Patrick Olivelle and Dr.Ananda Guruge, reveals that as an individual, Ashoka was a committed Buddhist, but as a king, he was secular, using universally applicable moral principles to rule his vast Empire populated by people of different faiths and cultures.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"elanka\"<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\"elanka\"<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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Patrick Oliville is an Emeritus Professor of Indology at the University of Texas at Austin USA and the late Dr. Ananda Guruge was Sri Lankan diplomat and Buddhist scholar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Directly or indirectly, Ashoka ruled much of India from the far North up to the Chola and Kerala country in the deep south in the Third Century BC<\/span><\/p>\n

Ashoka\u2019s rock edicts, spread across the length and breadth of the Indian subcontinent, indicate his Raja Dharma or the principles of his rule. These were not Buddhist per se but more general,though in perfect harmony with Buddhism.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ashoka chose to be eclectic or \u201cecumenical\u201d as Patrick Olivelle would describe it (See: Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King, HarperCollins 2023). This was because Ashoka\u2019s realm had Buddhists, Hindus, Jains, and followers of many other faiths as well.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ashoka recognised various cultures and was attuned to cultural diversity, Olivelle says. He came from a multicultural family. Those days, kings married into kingly families from other cultures sometimes as part of a political settlement or a peace treaty. Some of these marriages were across religious and ethnic lines too. Ashoka\u2019sfather, Chandragupta Maurya, may have had Greek wives, because of his wars against the invading Greeks, Olivelle speculates.<\/span><\/p>\n

There are two versions of Ashoka, according to Olivelle. One is the mythical version, which is popular in India, and the other is the realistic version. Olivelle presents the realistic version based entirely on Ashoka\u2019s own writings, which are rock edicts found in various parts of his vast empire in the Indian subcontinent.<\/span><\/p>\n

Olivelletold the Indian video channel The Wire that he had difficulty in piecing together Ashoka\u2019s persona from his own writings because these were sparse. There were altogether only 4,617 words in his edicts! Nevertheless,his submission is that the essence of Ashoka could be gleaned from the edicts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Unsavoury start<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ashoka had an unsavoury start as a ruler. He was initially known as \u201cChandashoka\u201d or the Wicked Ashoka, who reportedly killed 99 of his brothers to capture the throne of Magadha, as he was not entitled to it because he was not the first-born of his father, King Bindusara.<\/span><\/p>\n

It is not clear how he chose to become \u201cDharmashoka\u201d but according to Ananda Guruge (Asoka: A Definitive Biography, Central Cultural Fund, 1993) in the first three years of his reign, he was in search of the \u201cinner essence\u201d of the then existing religions in India.<\/span><\/p>\n

The search ended when he met a Bhikkhu, Samanera Nigrodha, in the fourth year of his reign and was impressed with his serenity. But there is no written material confirming this.<\/span><\/p>\n

After becoming a Buddhist, Ashoka gave material gifts to monks and the Sangha. But otherwise, his conduct was not particularly Buddhist-like. However, in the seventh regnal year, Ashokawas recognised as the foremost patron of Buddhism in the sub-continent. He became an Upasaka after his son Mahinda and daughter Sanghamitta converted.<\/span><\/p>\n

Critical Eleventh Regnal Year<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

But Guruge said that in spite of adopting Buddhism, Ashoka committed \u201cpogroms\u201d against the Nirgranthas and Ajivakas for desecrating a Buddha statue. And in his ninth regnal year, he had no compunction about committing what Olivelle describes as \u201cgenocide\u201d in the Kalinga war that was fought in what is now Odisha State in Eastern India. As per Ashoka\u2019s own account, the war claimed 150,000 lives.<\/span><\/p>\n

But the carnage traumatised Ashoka. He deeply regretted the carnage in his edicts. It proved to be a real turning point in his life both as a person and a ruler. After the Kalinga War he totally abjured war as an instrument of policy. He endeavoured to keep his realm together through moral force or moral principles. He promoted meetings and resolution of differences through discussions, rather than violence.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Though involved in administration, Ashoka nurtured Buddhism also. In his eleventh regnal year, he enunciated his own methods of propagating Buddhism and formulated a simple code of ethics that he propagated through his rock edicts, his officials, and a variety of others including travellers and men of standing and scholarship like Brahmins.<\/span><\/p>\n

People of all religious persuasions cooperated in this massive information and propaganda campaign because the principles had universal appeal, Guruge says.<\/span><\/p>\n

It was also in the eleventh year of reign that he made his first pilgrimage to the Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya. He built 84, 000 monasteries and initiated relic worship which is now central to Buddhism. Simultaneously, he kept cleaning up the monastic order through purges.<\/span><\/p>\n

According to Olivelle, in all his major rock inscriptions, 14 of them, Ashoka never once mentioned Buddhism except in passing. \u201cIn the major inscriptions, Buddhism was in the background, not in the foreground,\u201d Prof.Olivelle asserts.<\/span><\/p>\n

This is reflected in the edicts in which Ashoka identifies himself as a king, not a religious person or preacher, Olivelle says. \u201cHis edicts begin with this statement: Dev\u0101nampiyopiyadasil\u0101j\u0101hevam\u0101ha \u2014 (The Beloved of Gods, KING Priyadar\u015bi proclaims thus.).<\/span><\/p>\n

Even in his letters to Bhikkhus, Ashoka identifies himself as \u201craja\/l\u0101ja\u201d or King.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, Olivelle points out that there are two inscriptions which are specifically Buddhist. In the Third century BC inscription from Bairat(Rajasthan), which is now in the Calcutta museum, Ashoka tells Bhikkhus what to read to brush up their knowledge of Buddhism. In another edict, he addresses the ones who had caused dissension in the order and sought their expulsion from it.<\/span><\/p>\n

Olivelle says that Ashoka\u2019s edicts are about public matters but not about administration per se. Though in the edits Ashoka identifies himself as a king there is almost nothing about the details of governance in the edicts. There are no references to taxation or expenditure. The edicts are about public \u201cethics\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Guruge, who gives a list of proscriptions, says that the edicts indicate Ashoka\u2019s abhorrence of animal sacrifice. He advocates the reduction of meat consumption in royal households. He wants people to come together in meetings to resolve differences and exchange ideas and avoid persistent conflicts; cultivate medical plants, treat the sick, look after man and beast alike; respect parents and learned people including Brahmins. At the same time, Ashoka kept changing his prescriptions perhaps to suit changing needs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Never boastful<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

A notable point about Ashoka\u2019s edicts is that he was never particularly keen on talking about his own conquests and achievements. According to Prof Olivelle, Ashoka \u201copens himself out in his writing to his people in a way that most kings or even politicians rarely do. In fact, he makes himself vulnerable.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Ashoka has no compunction about publicly admitting that he committed a massacre in Kalinga war that was tantamount to genocide and saying sorry about it. This is remarkable as genocide was common those days.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTherefore, it is unique in world history that Ashoka admitted to genocide and apologised. No other ruler in the past or present has admitted to it,\u201d Olivelle points out.<\/span><\/p>\n

The other interesting aspect of Ashoka\u2019s edicts is that the Emperor used only one language Magadhi but wrote in different scripts. He used the same language in Karnataka, Gujarat, Bengal, and Nepal, thereby bringing in a certain uniformity. Olivelle says that this was not uncommon those days.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How Buddhist Emperor Ashoka ruled a diverse population- By P. K. Balachandran Source:Sundayobserver Personally, a committed Buddhist, who also preached Buddhism, Emperor Ashoka used universally acceptable moral principles to unite and rule his vast Empire with a diverse population. A perusal of the works of two outstanding Sri Lankan scholars on Emperor Ashoka, Prof.Patrick Olivelle […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":124134,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[44265],"class_list":{"0":"post-124133","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-aside","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-articles","8":"tag-p-k-balachandran","9":"post_format-post-format-aside"},"yoast_head":"\nHow Buddhist Emperor Ashoka ruled a diverse population- By P. K. 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