{"id":43298,"date":"2020-04-04T08:50:18","date_gmt":"2020-04-04T08:50:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/?p=43298"},"modified":"2021-12-19T10:12:17","modified_gmt":"2021-12-19T10:12:17","slug":"what-did-people-do-before-toilet-paper-by-erin-blakemore","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/what-did-people-do-before-toilet-paper-by-erin-blakemore\/","title":{"rendered":"What did people do before toilet paper? \u2013 BY ERIN BLAKEMORE"},"content":{"rendered":"

What did people do before toilet paper? \u2013 BY ERIN BLAKEMORE<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

\"toilet<\/p>\n

The mass production of toilet paper began in the U.S. in 1857, but humans around the world have employed a variety of other methods for bathroom visits over the ages.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

SOURCE:-<\/span>National Geographic<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

In a time of\u00a0panicked pandemic buying, it can be tempting to think back to a time of abundant toilet paper supplies\u2014or to wonder how people used to wipe in the age before 24-packs of extra-soft three-ply sheets. Hundreds of millions of people around the world today, particularly in the Middle East and Asia, don\u2019t even bother with the stuff, preferring instead to finish their bathroom visit with a clean rinse of water. But archaeologists and anthropologists have done plenty of interesting dirty work as they document how people wiped themselves in other cultures back in the day.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

If you relieved yourself in a public latrine in ancient Rome, you may have used a\u00a0tersorium<\/i>\u00a0to wipe. These ancient devices consisted of a stick with a vinegar- or salt water-soaked sponge\u00a0attached. They are mentioned throughout Roman literature, including a gruesomely unforgettable passage in a\u00a0letter\u00a0by the philosopher Seneca to Roman official Lucilius that relates the suicide of a German gladiator who shoved a stick tipped with a sponge \u201cdevoted to the vilest uses\u201d down his throat rather than head into the arena to die by wild animal.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"bathroom<\/p>\n

According to ancient sources, Romans used a sponge-topped stick called a\u00a0tersorium\u00a0<\/i>(modern replica above). Archaeologists aren’t quite sure, however, whether it was used to clean the bathroom facilities or the user of those facilities.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

Read why nearly a billion people still defecate outdoors, and the problem isn\u2019t just a lack of toilets.<\/i><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Used communally, the humble tersorium is thought to have influenced the era\u2019s public bathroom design. Small troughs at the feet of the public lavatories of\u00a0Ephesus\u00a0were thought to be sources of continually flowing water\u2014all the better to dip your tersorium in. However, archaeologists have yet to discover a preserved example. \u201cThe question is, do you use it to clean yourself or to clean the latrine?\u201d asks archaeologist\u00a0Jennifer Bates, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Pennsylvania\u2019s Penn Museum.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Broken<\/p>\n

Broken bits of ceramic vessels known as\u00a0pessoi<\/i>\u00a0were also used by ancient Greeks and Romans. Archaeologists excavated these nearly 2,000-year-old pessoi from Roman latrines in Sicily (left) and Crete (right).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Archaeologists have yet to settle the sponge-on-stick debate. But they have uncovered samples of\u00a0pessoi<\/i>, a humbler, ancient Greek and Roman toilet paper equivalent. Consisting of small oval or circular pebbles or pieces of broken ceramic,\u00a0pessoi\u00a0have been uncovered in the ruins of ancient Roman and Greek latrines. They\u2019re even immortalized on a\u00a02,700-year-old drinking cup\u00a0that shows a man squatting and making use of his stone. Pessoi even rate a mention in\u00a0the Talmud.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

This is backed up by another creative pre-toilet-paper wiping solution excavated in 1992 at the site of a former stop on the ancient Silk Road in northwest China. There, archaeologists discovered seven so-called \u201chygiene sticks\u201d\u2014bamboo or wood sticks wrapped with cloth and designed to be used for wiping\u2014in a latrine area. The cloth on the 2,000-year-old sticks was covered with what looked to be human excrement, and\u00a0microscopic analysis\u00a0of the feces confirmed that they contained a variety of parasites found in human intestines.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"hygiene<\/p>\n

One of several “hygiene sticks” discovered at a Silk Road site in China. Scientific analysis revealed that these 2,000-year-old sticks still bear evidence of a variety of parasites found in human intestines.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThey were found in a very specific context of a latrine, and the parasite on them can only come from a human,\u201d says Bates. \u201cThese have definitely been used in a latrine context.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

This find is backed up by historical texts that indicate sticks and spatulas were used in ancient China and Japan (one\u00a0Zen koan<\/a>\u00a0even equates the Buddha to a \u201ccleaning stick\u201d).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

China was ahead of the curve on toilet paper, too. The earliest reference to toilet paper was found in materials written by\u00a0Yen Chih-Thui, a sixth-century A.D. scholar who obviously had access to discarded manuscripts for personal purposes, yet said that he didn\u2019t dare to wipe himself \u201con the names of sages.\u201d But the practice seems to have been in effect earlier than that. Researchers suggest that hemp paper like that found in the\u00a0tomb<\/a>\u00a0of second-century A.D. emperor Wu Di\u2014too crude and rough for writing\u2014was used in the bathroom instead.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

By 1393, rice-based toilet paper was\u00a0mass-produced\u00a0for the Chinese imperial family. In contrast, it took until 1857 for the Western world to get its first mass-produced toilet paper. That\u2019s the year inventor Joseph Gayetty\u00a0introduced\u00a0J.C. Gayetty\u2019s Medicated Paper for the Water Closet in an attempt to ease American behinds from the ravages of newspaper, corn cobs and other improvised toilet items, including the\u00a0Sears mail-order catalog.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

There\u2019s historical precedent for runs on toilet paper, too. In 1973, Japanese women began buying huge amounts of toilet paper, lining up in front of stores to stockpile rolls. It was a response to growing fear among middle-class Japanese people that their postwar aspirations for peace, stability, and economic mobility would be wiped out by inflation, environmental degradation, and the\u00a0oil crisis, explains\u00a0Eiko Maruko Siniawer, a historian at Williams College.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u201cFor the first time since the late 1950s, it didn\u2019t seem certain that the future would be better than the past,\u201d says Siniawer.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

The toilet paper hoarding in Japan stoked some fears in the United States as well, prompting a Wisconsin congressman to issue a statement on a potential shortage. When comedian Johnny Carson joked about the situation on \u201cThe Tonight Show\u201d in 1973, he inadvertently sparked a short-lived\u00a0toilet paper panic<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u201cTo me, as a historian, it\u2019s important not to laugh off people\u2019s decisions and actions, but to think about why they did what they did,\u201d says Siniawer. She sees the 1973 toilet paper run as a window into the lives of Japanese women at the time. Similarly, says Bates, studying the bathroom habits of yore can shed light on everything from intercultural differences to issues of gender, money, and health.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u201cFrom an anthropological perspective, we can look at the larger ways [toilet habits] affected the development of the human past into the human present and then into the human future,\u201d says Bates.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

All too often, she adds, people dismiss the mundane practice of using the toilet. But that very common act offers important insight into who we were, who we are, and where we\u2019re headed next.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What did people do before toilet paper? \u2013 BY ERIN BLAKEMORE The mass production of toilet paper began in the U.S. in 1857, but humans around the world have employed a variety of other methods for bathroom visits over the ages. SOURCE:-National Geographic In a time of\u00a0panicked pandemic buying, it can be tempting to think […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":43299,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[15792,15791],"class_list":{"0":"post-43298","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-aside","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-articles","8":"tag-erin-blakemore","9":"tag-toilet-paper","10":"post_format-post-format-aside"},"yoast_head":"\nWhat did people do before toilet paper? \u2013 BY BY ERIN BLAKEMORE<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The mass production of toilet paper began in the U.S. in 1857, but humans around the world have employed a variety of other methods for bathroom\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What did people do before toilet paper? 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