{"id":58353,"date":"2021-02-20T17:17:38","date_gmt":"2021-02-20T17:17:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/?p=58353"},"modified":"2023-06-28T15:01:21","modified_gmt":"2023-06-28T15:01:21","slug":"confusing-vaccine-efficacy-what-does-it-mean-to-a-lay-person-dr-harold-gunatillake","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/confusing-vaccine-efficacy-what-does-it-mean-to-a-lay-person-dr-harold-gunatillake\/","title":{"rendered":"Confusing vaccine efficacy-what does it mean to a lay person?-Dr. Harold Gunatillake"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 28px; color: #003366;\">Confusing vaccine efficacy-what does it mean to a lay person?-Dr. Harold Gunatillake<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-77916\" src=\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Harold-Gunethilake.jpg\" alt=\"Harold-Gunethilake\" width=\"160\" height=\"160\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2ryfiO8wpdg\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">\u201cThe vaccine trials with so many people dying with the Coronavirus, have been <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">nothing short of a miracle.\u201d<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">There is some confusion in the interpretation of a vaccine when it is said the efficacy <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">is 95%. That does not imply that 5% of the vaccinated people can get the infection.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Vaccine efficacy is the percentage reduction in a disease in a group of people who <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">received a vaccination in a clinical trial.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Putting it another way the scientists can calculate how well a vaccine candidate works <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">by looking at the difference in new cases of the disease between the group receiving a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">placebo and the group receiving the experimental vaccine. This is called vaccine <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">efficacy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><!--more--><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">What this percentage means is that 95% of the people who entered the trial had a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">95% lower risk of getting the COVID-19 compared with the controlled trial that was <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">given the placebo. In other words, the people who were vaccinated with the Pfizer <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">vaccine has a 20 times less likely chance of getting the virus.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">A 2020 study on the Pfizer vaccine of more than 43,000 participants published in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), found the vaccine was 95 percent <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">effective at preventing Covid-19.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">So, what 95% efficacy means is that the chances of preventing the disease is 95%, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">large studies have shown.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">This is not the same as vaccine effectiveness, which measures how well a vaccine <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">works when given to people in the community outside the clinical trials.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">You may have read that the efficacy rate of Pfizer vaccine is 95%, Moderna\u2019s vaccine <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">94% and the Johnson &amp; Johnson\u2019s is only 66%. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">In its first 3 weeks administered in the US, Moderna&#8217;s COVID vaccine had 10 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">confirmed severe allergic reactions out of 4 million doses, with the Pfizer rate slightly <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">higher.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Additionally, Professor Godfrey, Doherty Institute, says AstraZeneca may prove to <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">be more effective than currently thought, given that initial data from two different <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">doses ranged between 62% and 90%.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">However, Professor Dale Godfrey, Immunology Theme Leader at the Doherty <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Institute, told news even though the arguments for higher efficacy hold some validity <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">and Pfizer and Moderna\u2019s data are impressive, that it in no way discredits <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">AstraZeneca\u2019s candidate.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">\u2018It is important to remember that the AstraZeneca vaccine is at the right end of the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">efficacy spectrum,\u2019 he said. \u2018Regulators were saying 50% or greater is what\u2019s required <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">for a vaccine to be worth distributing.\u2019<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">According to the WHO, the AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine is a viral vectored vaccine <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">called ChAdOx1-S has been found to have 63.09 per cent efficacy and is suitable for <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">low-and middle-income countries due to easy storage requirements. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">In real terms the number of people who contracted the disease after the vaccination <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">trial is about 0.04% and has no connection to the efficacy of a vaccine, which is <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">meaningless from the people\u2019s point of view. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">That signifies the importance of having the vaccine, and your chances of contacting <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">the disease is so remote as 0.04%.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">From our point of view that is more important than talking about the efficacy of a <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">specific vaccine. Efficacy is important for the researchers who run the trials, for their <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">comparative studies, and not for those who receive the vaccines.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">On the other hand, it is important to know about the efficacy of a vaccine, because if <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">the efficacy is below a certain level, it\u2019s not possible to achieve herd immunity.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">The term herd immunity comes from the observation of how a herd of buffalo forms <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">a circle, with the strong on the outside protecting the weaker and more vulnerable on <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">the inside.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Those who are strong enough to get vaccinated directly protect themselves from <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">infection. They also indirectly shield vulnerable people who cannot be vaccinated.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">It is estimated that 60%-70% of people would need to be immunised against COVID19 to achieve herd immunity \u2013 the point at which its transmission begins to drop <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">dramatically.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Herd immunity is the end game for the pandemic, but the AstraZeneca vaccine won\u2019t <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">get us there.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">What is important for the receivers of the vaccine to think whether they should have <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">the vaccine, and after getting it how they behave, and how long will the antibodies formed last in your body to fight an infection, and what complications could arise, especially among those old people who have other chronic disabling issues.<br \/>\nBased on what we know about vaccines for other diseases and early data from clinical trials, experts believe that getting a COVID-19 vaccine may also help keep you from getting seriously ill even if you do get COVID-19.<br \/>\nGetting vaccinated yourself may also protect people around you, particularly people at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19.<br \/>\nMen can lower the sperm count after COVID-19 infection.The study researchers, from the University of Florence in Italy, analysed semen samples from 43 men ages 30 to 65 about one month after they had recovered from<br \/>\nCOVID-19. They found that 25% of the men had low sperm count, and nearly 20% had azoospermia, or the total absence of sperm in semen. Four cases of this variant were detected in Sri Lanka, recently. China has allegedly pushed the Sri Lankan government to approve Covid-19 vaccines manufactured by Chinese state-owned firm Sinopharm.Sinopharm vaccine candidates haven\u2019t formally been proved safe or effective, but thousands of people have been injected with them in China. Those users could be taking big risks. People who have taken ineffective vaccines might believe they are safe and engage in risky behavior. They can be barred from taking another, better vaccine because they have already been injected. In a few cases in the past, unproven vaccines have caused health risks.<br \/>\nIndia has contributed 500,000 doses of the locally manufactured Covishield jab. Covishield -is the local name for the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine developed in the UK and Covaxin, locally made by pharma company Bharat Bioitech.<br \/>\nCovax is formed from the inactivated vaccine which means that is made up of killed coronaviruses, making it safe to be injected into the body.<br \/>\nCovax has not been approved for use, but Bharat Biotech has defended the approval, saying Indian clinical trial laws allowed \u2018accelerated\u2019 authorization for the use of drugs after the second phase of trials The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine is being manufactured locally by the Serum Institute of India.<br \/>\nIt is made from a weakened version of a common cold virus known as adenovirus from chimpanzees. It has been modified to look more like coronavirus- although it can\u2019t cause the illness.<br \/>\nIt is 62-90% effective.<br \/>\nIn conclusion, With more challenges yet to come, let us discuss how safe any vaccine is for all of us. Safety has been compromised. All trials have been through the correct \u2019phrases\u2019 or process of any normal drug or vaccine. To date, there has not been a single associated death related to COVID vaccines and only a handful of potentially<br \/>\nserious events.<br \/>\nAt this time, three vaccines have already broken cover and demonstrated efficacy higher than we had ever hoped. The bar was set by regulators at around 50%. Both Moderna and Pfizer reported 95% efficacy, and Oxford University reported 90% efficacy for a particular dosage regimen. Safety data is still to follow, but the track record of vaccines is excellent, and we all should be proud of a confident future.<br \/>\nHowever, the increasing momentum of the antivaxxers and conspiracy theorists propaganda through the social media is worrying.<br \/>\nThe global death toll from COVID-19 is just under 2.4 million. The number of confirmed cases is above 108 million and more than 61 million people have recovered, according to the Johns Hopkins University tally at 7.30pm.<br \/>\nThe World Health Organization(WHO) granted two versions of the AstraZenecaOxford COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use produced by AstraZenecaSKBio(Republic of Korea) and the Serum Institute of India(SII).<br \/>\nThe Johnson &amp; Johnson vaccine had 66% efficacy at reducing severe and moderate cases of COVID-19, which include either two mild symptoms or one more serious symptom, such as low blood oxygen levels or increased respiratory rate, Live Science previously reported. In other words, people vaccinated with the J&amp;J shot were three times less likely to get a mild or moderate case of COVID-19 compared with participants who received a placebo. Meanwhile, the Pfizer\/BioNTech vaccine had 95% efficacy, and the Moderna vaccine had 94% efficacy at preventing symptomatic COVID-19, meaning any positive test with even one symptom, however mild. All three vaccines are thought to be 100% effective at preventing hospitalization and death related to COVID-19.<br \/>\nIsraeli researchers have found that having just one shot of the Pfizer coronavirus vaccine may lead to lower viral loads, making it harder to transmit COVID-19 if someone becomes infected after the first dose.<br \/>\nA separate independent Israeli study, from the country&#8217;s largest healthcare provider Clalit, found a 94 per cent drop in symptomatic COVID-19 infections among 600,000 people who received two doses of the Pfizer vaccine.<br \/>\n\u2022 Scientists are hopeful that T cells could maintain lasting immunity against COVID-19 variants. Some coronavirus-vaccine developers are already looking at ways to develop next-generation vaccines that stimulate T cells more effectively.<br \/>\nHope this talk was useful.<br \/>\nGoodbye for now.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><em>Disclaimer:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><em>The information contained in this article is for general information purposes only, and whilst the author will endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct, eLanka makes no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability with respect to the eLanka website or the information, products, services, or related graphics contained in this article for any purpose. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk. In otherwords, eLanka In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever arising from loss of data or profits arising out of, or in connection with, the use of this website \/ article. Also please note that through this website \/ web page articles you are able to link to other websites which are not under the control of eLanka and therefore we have no control over the nature, content and availability of those sites. The inclusion of any links does not necessarily imply a recommendation or endorse the views expressed within them<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Confusing vaccine efficacy-what does it mean to a lay person?-Dr. Harold Gunatillake \u201cThe vaccine trials with so many people dying with the Coronavirus, have been nothing short of a miracle.\u201d There is some confusion in the interpretation of a vaccine when it is said the efficacy is 95%. That does not imply that 5% of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":116942,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,1103],"tags":[11900],"class_list":{"0":"post-58353","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-aside","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-articles","8":"category-dr-harold-gunatillake","9":"tag-coronavirus","10":"post_format-post-format-aside"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.7.1 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Confusing vaccine efficacy-what does it mean to a lay person?-Dr. Harold Gunatillake<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u201cThe vaccine trials with so many people dying with the Coronavirus, have been nothing short of a miracle.\u201cThe vaccine\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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