{"id":76197,"date":"2021-10-23T02:46:03","date_gmt":"2021-10-23T02:46:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/?p=76197"},"modified":"2021-10-23T02:46:03","modified_gmt":"2021-10-23T02:46:03","slug":"theory-of-mind-are-emotions-needed-for-machines-by-aditya-abeysinghe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/theory-of-mind-are-emotions-needed-for-machines-by-aditya-abeysinghe\/","title":{"rendered":"Theory of Mind: Are emotions needed for machines?  By Aditya Abeysinghe"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px; color: #003366;\"><strong>Theory of Mind: Are emotions needed for machines?<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px; color: #008080;\"><strong>By Aditya Abeysinghe<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-75845 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Aditya-Abeysinghe160.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"138\" height=\"122\" \/>Assessing the mental states of other humans is a task that humans have developed from late childhood. Emotions and social interactions are formed with understanding how others behave with a person. Theory of mind (ToM) describes this process of how mental states\u2019 assessment affects the emotions humans make towards others. In my article on *Artificial General Intelligence, I described about how emotions are important for machines. For Artificial General Intelligence to be truly developed ToM is a key component.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><strong>What is ToM?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">ToM in simple terms is the set of tasks the mind uses to think about the mental state of others. For example, assume that two people named James and Bred goes to a restaurant to have dinner. When James looks at the menu and tells that he will order some type of Noodles, Bred can infer that James likes to have that type of Noodles. Bred can infer such a thought due to the inferring facility that functions in his mind. This makes Bred create a theory about James and he may later approve, if it is true.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Types of ToM<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Two approaches to ToM was proposed by Paul Harris in *From simulation to folk psychology: The case for development. According to this article, Theory-Theory (TT) is an approach where children build theories and then they either approve or confirm after experience. However, TT is rarely useful in practice as a vast number of theories need to be created to assume mental states of another person. The other method is the Simulation Theory (ST) which is based on a simulation process, whereby a person takes another person\u2019s angle to understand the reason for their actions. This method is more useful as it could read the other\u2019s mind directly, in contrast to building theories using assumptions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><strong>How Theory of Mind can be used in machines?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Humans have a mind to think, express and understand others when they are with other people. Therefore, the mind acts as a secondary being within us to provide social functions we require. However, machines do not have such a section to make emotions or react to other humans or machines. Therefore, research has focused on several methods of developing a system within machines which could serve similar to the mind.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">As discussed above, both TT and ST could be used to add ToM to machines. However, ST approach is used in many research as it is faster, as Artificial Intelligence (AI) models could be used to simulate the tasks of other people and it is less costly to build simulations, in contrast to validating theories.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><strong>What are the advantages of using ToM in AI?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-76198 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Theory-of-Mind.jpg\" alt=\"Theory of Mind: Are emotions needed for machines? By Aditya Abeysinghe\" width=\"311\" height=\"162\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">A use case of ToM in an AI environment is autonomous vehicles. Several methods for vision in autonomous vehicles are used: computer vision based on *LIDAR, AI technologies for processing data and cameras. However, the problem with autonomous vehicles is often not its vision, but its safety. So, what makes an autonomous vehicle unable to ensure safety when it could see? The key is difficulty in predicting human behavior when faced with a previously unknown behavior. The AI in autonomous vehicles is only capable of predicting given its inputs, but it is often inaccurate to detect and act when actions that are unknown is seen in them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">*Assistive robotics is another area where machines are used at present. A common use of ToM in assistive robotics is in healthcare. The rate of improvement of diseases for patients with psychological disorders has been found to be increased when robots are used for assistance. Assistances could be made more practical, if robots could express emotions, share feelings and engage in more soothing activities which is part of understanding ToM.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The main limitation of these models is the assumption of mental states of other people, instead of learning continuously from encountered occasions. Therefore, the reasoning process used in current AI to use ToM is often based on propositional logic. However, simulation-based AI models seemed to be improving this issue with assumptions. Therefore, ST based models could reshape AI-based devices into a more humane culture.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">*Artificial General Intelligence article: <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/artificial-general-intelligence-the-growth-of-robots-by-aditya-abeysinghe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/artificial-general-intelligence-the-growth-of-robots-by-aditya-abeysinghe\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">*From simulation to folk psychology: The case for development.\u00a0Mind &amp; Language: <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1468-0017.1992.tb00201.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1468-0017.1992.tb00201.x<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">*Assistive robotics article: <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-rise-of-cloud-robotics-how-the-cloud-is-transforming-robotic-landscape-by-aditya-abeysinghe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-rise-of-cloud-robotics-how-the-cloud-is-transforming-robotic-landscape-by-aditya-abeysinghe\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">*LIDAR: Light Detection and Ranging is a remote sensing method to measure distances to objects<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Image Courtesy: <\/strong><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.clearstrategy.ie\"><strong>https:\/\/www.clearstrategy.ie<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Theory of Mind: Are emotions needed for machines? By Aditya Abeysinghe Assessing the mental states of other humans is a task that humans have developed from late childhood. Emotions and social interactions are formed with understanding how others behave with a person. Theory of mind (ToM) describes this process of how mental states\u2019 assessment affects [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":76198,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33978,20],"tags":[37451,38239,38240],"class_list":{"0":"post-76197","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-aside","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-aditya-abeysinghe","8":"category-articles","9":"tag-artificial-general-intelligence","10":"tag-assistive-robotics","11":"tag-psychology","12":"post_format-post-format-aside"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.7.1 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Theory of Mind: Are emotions needed for machines? 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