{"id":78109,"date":"2021-11-15T18:03:29","date_gmt":"2021-11-15T18:03:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/?p=78109"},"modified":"2021-11-15T18:03:29","modified_gmt":"2021-11-15T18:03:29","slug":"australian-nationalism-and-the-ideology-of-sacrificial-devotion-by-michael-roberts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/australian-nationalism-and-the-ideology-of-sacrificial-devotion-by-michael-roberts\/","title":{"rendered":"Australian Nationalism and the Ideology of Sacrificial Devotion-by Michael Roberts"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px; color: #000000;\">Australian Nationalism and the Ideology of Sacrificial Devotion-by Michael Roberts<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-78110\" src=\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Archie.jpg\" alt=\"Archie\" width=\"200\" height=\"145\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\"><strong>\u201cArchie\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #800080;\">Source:<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\" href=\"https:\/\/thuppahis.com\/2020\/05\/10\/australian-nationalism-and-the-ideology-of-sacrificial-devotion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Thuppahis<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Michael Roberts<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong><em>being an abridged version of an old article presented in the\u00a0Library of Social Science\u00a0run by Richard Koenigsberg and others.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">Addressing the practices of remembrance in Australia,\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.libraryofsocialscience.com\/newsletter\/posts\/2015\/2015-05-26-commemoration1.html\">Richard Koenigsberg has noted<\/a>\u00a0the irony that a battlefield defeat at Gallipoli in World War One, 1915, served a people as an emblem of nationhood: the \u201c<strong>Australian nation, came into being on the foundations provided by the slaughter of its young men.\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">There is more irony. The commemoration of Australian courage, sacrifice and manliness at Gallipoli (and subsequently on the Somme) was\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/14443058909386993#.VbG1mfkXW70\">threaded by tropes of youthful innocence<\/a>\u00a0that drew on classical Hellenic motifs. While the monuments and epitaphs that were crafted in Australia to mark this event were manifestly Greek in form. The gendered masculine metaphor, in turn, was often embodied in the seminal image of a full-bodied blonde young man. \u201cArchie Hamilton\u201d in Peter Weir\u2019s classic film\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.libraryofsocialscience.com\/ideologies\/resources\/weir-gallipoli-end\/index.html\"><em>Gallipoli<\/em><\/a>\u00a0was\/is one such trope (and he died of course).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\"><strong>The irony lies in the fact that such an iconic image is not unlike the archetype of the ideal German Aryan favored by the Nazis.<\/strong>\u00a0The irony is compounded when we place the Australian creations of such motifs within a political context featured by hard-line policies known as \u201cWhite Australia.\u201d Soon after the six colonies constituted themselves\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federation_of_Australia\">as one colonial state in 1900\/01<\/a>, they instituted what is known as the \u201cWhite Australia policy\u201d through the\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immigration_Restriction_Act_1901\"><em>Immigration Restriction Act<\/em><\/a>\u00a0of 1901\u2014designed to exclude Oriental migrants, specifically Chinese and Kanaks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">Here, then, lay a specific twist to the strand of White racism that was one facet of the British Empire and European expansion in general. The British Empire was widely depicted in its friendly circles as a \u201cPax Britannica.\u201d As such, its intellectuals saw themselves as repositories of European civilization. Classical Greece was seen as the founding father (note the masculine) of this dispensation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">Gallipoli lay within the geographical arena of Greek civilization and the battles there evoked\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.legendsandchronicles.com\/ancient-civilizations\/ancient-sparta\/spartan-battles\/\">the stories of Sparta and its many epic battles<\/a>, including those with Athens and the Delian League as well as the battle of Leuktra with the Thebians. Among the war correspondents in the thick of Gallipoli was\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.awm.gov.au\/about\/charles-bean\/\">C. E.W. Bean,<\/a>\u00a0a Tasmanian educated at Hertford College, Oxford.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-999.jpg?ssl=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-42431 jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-999.jpg?resize=178%2C212&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"178\" height=\"212\" data-attachment-id=\"42431\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/thuppahis.com\/2020\/05\/10\/australian-nationalism-and-the-ideology-of-sacrificial-devotion\/bean-999\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-999.jpg?fit=200%2C238&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"200,238\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"BEAN 999\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-999.jpg?fit=200%2C238&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-999.jpg?fit=200%2C238&amp;ssl=1\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" data-lazy-loaded=\"1\" \/><\/a>\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-6666.jpg?ssl=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-42432 jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-6666.jpg?resize=245%2C211&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"211\" data-attachment-id=\"42432\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/thuppahis.com\/2020\/05\/10\/australian-nationalism-and-the-ideology-of-sacrificial-devotion\/bean-6666\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-6666.jpg?fit=200%2C172&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"200,172\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"BEAN 6666\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-6666.jpg?fit=200%2C172&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-6666.jpg?fit=200%2C172&amp;ssl=1\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" data-lazy-loaded=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">Charles Bean survived to become one of Australia\u2019s leading historians and the hand fashioning many of the monuments and memorializing activities of the emerging young nation during the interwar years. Ken Inglis has documented the degree to which Bean\u2019s thinking was influenced by Greek architecture and history. By way of example, \u201cthe official letterhead for the Australia War Memorial is drawn from one of Bean\u2019s favorite passages, a Periclean oration by Thucydides\u201d (<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/14443058909386993#.VbG1mfkXW70\">Flaherty &amp; Roberts<\/a>, 1989:60).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-writing.jpg?ssl=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-42434 jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-writing.jpg?resize=326%2C225&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"326\" height=\"225\" data-attachment-id=\"42434\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/thuppahis.com\/2020\/05\/10\/australian-nationalism-and-the-ideology-of-sacrificial-devotion\/bean-writing\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-writing.jpg?fit=200%2C138&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"200,138\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"BEAN WRITING\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-writing.jpg?fit=200%2C138&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/bean-writing.jpg?fit=200%2C138&amp;ssl=1\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" data-lazy-loaded=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">Significantly, Englishmen participated in the creation of what we call \u201cThe Anzac Legend.\u201d The erudite\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/14443058209386844#.VbHy7vkXW70\">reports<\/a>\u00a0on the war from Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett, ex Marlborough College, was one such force. As vitally, one of the earliest Anzac Day ceremonies was held at the Westminster Cathedral on 25th April 1916\u2014with typical Christian trappings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">These cross fertilizations were not surprising. The vast majority of Australians were of British descent, with the largest component being English. Though there were tensions and disputes between mother-country and the colonists in the 1890s and 2000s, the British were kith and kin. British achievements and its imperial reach were admired.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">Australian men enlisted in the fighting services in droves when Australia entered the World War in support of mother-country, while their womenfolk backed them to the hilt and even sent chicken feathers to some men who hesitated to enlist. In joining the war the Australians were addressing Britain more than anyone else: they would prove their mettle. It was going to be \u201ca baptism of fire,\u201d and thereby a passage to nationhood. Britain and the British were the principal audience.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">Behind these ideological currents, moreover, were themes of manliness common to much of Europe. The late nineteenth century and early twentieth century were characterized by what is known as \u201cmuscular Christianity.\u201d Baden-Powell\u2019s Boy Scout movement, the popularity of athletic gymkhanas in Britain and the proliferation of youth gymnastics in Germany were among the currents of masculine endeavour that were held in high regard as builders of discipline and morality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-333.jpg?ssl=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-42435 jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-333.jpg?resize=260%2C191&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"260\" height=\"191\" data-attachment-id=\"42435\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/thuppahis.com\/2020\/05\/10\/australian-nationalism-and-the-ideology-of-sacrificial-devotion\/gallipoli-anzacs-333\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-333.jpg?fit=200%2C147&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"200,147\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"GALLIPOLI Anzacs 333\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-333.jpg?fit=200%2C147&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-333.jpg?fit=200%2C147&amp;ssl=1\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" data-lazy-loaded=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-222.jpg?ssl=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-42436 jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-222.jpg?resize=239%2C177&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"239\" height=\"177\" data-attachment-id=\"42436\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/thuppahis.com\/2020\/05\/10\/australian-nationalism-and-the-ideology-of-sacrificial-devotion\/gallipoli-anzacs-222\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-222.jpg?fit=200%2C148&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"200,148\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"GALLIPOLI Anzacs 222\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-222.jpg?fit=200%2C148&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-222.jpg?fit=200%2C148&amp;ssl=1\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" data-lazy-loaded=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-11.jpg?ssl=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-42437 jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-11.jpg?resize=272%2C366&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"272\" height=\"366\" data-attachment-id=\"42437\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/thuppahis.com\/2020\/05\/10\/australian-nationalism-and-the-ideology-of-sacrificial-devotion\/gallipoli-anzacs-11\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-11.jpg?fit=200%2C269&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"200,269\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"GALLIPOLI Anzacs 11\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-11.jpg?fit=200%2C269&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-11.jpg?fit=200%2C269&amp;ssl=1\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" data-lazy-loaded=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-4444.jpg?ssl=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-42438 jetpack-lazy-image jetpack-lazy-image--handled\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-4444.jpg?resize=200%2C144&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"144\" data-attachment-id=\"42438\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/thuppahis.com\/2020\/05\/10\/australian-nationalism-and-the-ideology-of-sacrificial-devotion\/gallipoli-anzacs-4444\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-4444.jpg?fit=200%2C144&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"200,144\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"GALLIPOLI Anzacs 4444\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-4444.jpg?fit=200%2C144&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/thuppahis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/gallipoli-anzacs-4444.jpg?fit=200%2C144&amp;ssl=1\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" data-lazy-loaded=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">Such practices served as a platform for war. Indeed, after Germany\u2019s disastrous defeat in World War I and the debilitating punishments imposed on the state by the Treaty of Versailles, the Weimar Republic carefully nourished gymnastic clubs as a platform for future military renewal. The Nazi movement took these activities a step further. Both literally and metaphorically, young and disciplined Aryan males were to be the spearhead of their panzers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Muscular Christianity and Masculine Valour, therefore, was the bedrock of Power for both sides in the warring European world.\u00a0<\/strong>The Allied high command thought the war would be over soon. Both Allies and Axis generals pursued similar military tactics on land involving attacks en masse. The result was massive slaughter on the battlefields of Europe and mountains upon mountains of grief\u2014row upon row of gravestones, each deemed to embody a \u201csupreme sacrifice\u201d on behalf of one\u2019s nation state.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">That Australia and Australians were enmeshed in this ideology of sacrificial death is not surprising. This does not mean that there were no Australian twists in this story of the Anzac Legend. Elaborating upon these strands is another story: readers of this essay are advised to pursue their explorations by beginning with (a) the\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Bruce-Kapferer\/e\/B001HCTXIA\">writings of Bruce Kapferer<\/a>\u00a0and (b) the\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"http:\/\/explore.tandfonline.com\/page\/pgas\/rjau-vsi\">recent e-book<\/a>\u00a0that has presented a compendium of articles on the Anzac Commemoration in order to mark the 100th anniversary of that sacred ceremony, one that is at once secular, religious and far-reaching.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">*** *<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Please send comments for Library of Social Science \u2026..\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"mailto:oanderson@libraryofsocialscience.com\">oanderson@libraryofsocialscience.com<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Australian Nationalism and the Ideology of Sacrificial Devotion-by Michael Roberts \u201cArchie\u201d Source:Thuppahis Michael Roberts,\u00a0being an abridged version of an old article presented in the\u00a0Library of Social Science\u00a0run by Richard Koenigsberg and others. Addressing the practices of remembrance in Australia,\u00a0Richard Koenigsberg has noted\u00a0the irony that a battlefield defeat at Gallipoli in World War One, 1915, served [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":78110,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[29441,39273],"class_list":{"0":"post-78109","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-aside","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-articles","8":"tag-michael-roberts","9":"tag-richard-koenigsberg","10":"post_format-post-format-aside"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.7.1 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Australian Nationalism and the Ideology of Sacrificial Devotion-by Michael Roberts<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Michael Roberts,\u00a0being an abridged version of an old 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