{"id":84302,"date":"2022-01-16T07:31:30","date_gmt":"2022-01-16T07:31:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/?p=84302"},"modified":"2022-01-16T07:31:30","modified_gmt":"2022-01-16T07:31:30","slug":"the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/","title":{"rendered":"The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000; font-size: 24px;\">The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><u>The Advent.<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Before the invasion of far off lands by foreign powers, that spread its\u2019 wings, sails and tentacles into alien lands; the inhabitants of these lands lived a virtually \u201cpeaceful life\u201d, except for internal squabbles among themselves and perhaps the \u00a0\u00a0neigbouring countries. They were known to \u201clive off the land\u201d and make do with their own natural resources; which were, in most instances, mainly agrarian by nature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Then came the seafaring and belligerent\/bellicose European Nations that had expansionist intentions during the period or era from the 16<sup>th<\/sup> to around the mid-20<sup>th<\/sup> century <em>anno domini<\/em>. What we saw, to a great extent, was not expansionism; but a rule for exploitation with lucrative &amp; comfortable benefits to the invaders who occupied the invaded land; and the greed to fill the coffers of their own Motherland. This was the advent of Colonialism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Colonialism <em>is defined in wikipedia as the policy of a Nation seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories. Colonialism involves unequal relationships between the Colonial Power and the Colony; and often between the Colonist and the Indigenous Peoples of the Territories occupied by the Colonial. Power.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Furthermore <em>wikipedia<\/em> states that there were two main (overlapping) types of Colonialism. Namely:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><em>Settler Colonialism involving large-scale immigration, often motivated by religious, political, or economic reasons.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><em>Exploitation Colonialism involving fewer colonists and focuses on access to resources for export typically to the metropole (the main city of a country). This includes \u201ctrading posts\u201d as well as larger colonies where colonialists would constitute much of the political and economic administration, but would rely on indigenous resources for labour and material. Prior to the end of the slave trade and wide abolition, when indigenous labour was unavailable, slaves were often imported to the Americas by the Portuguese Empire; and later by the Spanish, Dutch, French and British.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">A thing of note is that some of the colonial powers did import cheap labour, from some of their satellite colonies too, to supplement\/augment the labour force as and when required. This is known to have created a very detrimental racial effect\/discord in the lands that gained Independence, in later years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">During the era from the 16<sup>th<\/sup> to around the mid-20<sup>th<\/sup> century <em>anno domini<\/em>; the predominant and prominent Colonial Powers were from the following Nations:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">British<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">French<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Spain<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Portugal<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Holland (Netherlands)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Belgium<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Germany<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Italy<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">These European Powers established colonies in South Asia, South-East Asia, Africa and the Americas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-84303\" src=\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Advent-of-Colonialism-and-its-Aftermath-By-Noor-Rahim-542x400.jpeg\" alt=\"The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim\" width=\"542\" height=\"400\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The above <em>google map<\/em> illustrates the size of Sri Lanka in comparison to the Colonial Power that reigned supreme during the era.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Most of the South Asian and South-East Asian countries were invaded and Colonised by the British; French; Spanish; Dutch; or Portuguese. Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka) came under the rule of the Portuguese in the 16<sup>th<\/sup> century; Dutch in the 17<sup>th<\/sup> century; and British from the 18<sup>th<\/sup> to the 19<sup>th<\/sup> century respectively.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Having wrested the control of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) from the Dutch; and like their predecessors were only able to control the coastal regions and the plains. They ultimately managed to capture the Kandyan Kingdom (Hill Country) after many futile attempts; due to the betrayal of the King, by disgruntled Nobility and dissension of a portion of the peasantry. Culminating in the exile of the King and his retinue to Southern India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The primary reason for the invasion and takeover of the Island was due to its strategic location in the Indian Ocean; which is a gateway between the West and East sea routes, the so called \u201cSpice Route\u201d at that time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Spices were the most sought after commodity during that era, by the Western countries; and this was found in abundance in South Asia and South-East Asia. But with time the occupational force in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) found that the \u201cmercantile\u201d value or \u201ccommercial\u201d value was insufficient to sustain the expenses of the administration and the occupying forces; let alone sending revenue back to their Motherland. Hence they brought in various \u201ccash\u201d crops into the land to supplement their revenues.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Ceylon (Sri Lanka) was a mainly agrarian based country with focus on \u201cpaddy cultivation\u201d, spices and perhaps to a lesser extent mining of precious stones (at that time). As a matter of fact Ceylon (Sri Lanka) was known as the \u201cGranary of the East\u201d; during that era. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">To augment the coffers of the British; they imported and planted coffee trees in huge plantations; in addition to an experimental plantation of \u201ctea bushes\u201d on the hill-sides of the central region of Ceylon (Sri Lanka). The coffee plantation met its demise when it was wiped out by a leaf blight (HEMILEIA VASTATRIX) \u2013 commonly known as \u201cCoffee Rust\u201d; and the Tea Plantations flourished; to become World renowned.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Fortunately enough the experimental \u201ctea plantation\u201d was a great success and the British expanded on the planting of tea and created the now world renowned beverage; that has withstood the test\/passage of time and is a foremost\/household name for \u201ctea\u201d, in the world today. The expansion of the tea plantations in the hill country was phenomenal and covered most of the high altitude irrigable regions of the mountainous areas. However, the down-side to this was the felling of the large swathes of forests causing very detrimental ecological change\/s in weather patterns and devastating soil erosion. In addition to the abject neglect of the indigenous agricultural (paddy crops) activities and irrigation systems that prevailed before the plantation of tea in the Resplendent Isle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Tracing back in history one has to marvel at the network of irrigation systems and tanks that were built by the Ancient Kings of Ceylon (Sri Lanka). There were hundreds of tanks especially in the Northern foot hills of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and the Northern arid and semi-arid regions. However, in later years it was found that the tanks were only filled up during the rainy season and virtually dried up during the drought periods. Agriculture (paddy cultivation) was affected and we were no longer to retain our boast as the \u201cGranary of the East\u201d. It was only after Independence that the country went on to resolve our agricultural needs; and the \u201cMahaweli Ganga\u201d diversion scheme was mooted.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">In implementing the \u201cdiversion scheme\u201d the engineers were soon to find that their plans (using modern scientific equipment), discovered that wherever they dug they were soon to find the remains of ancient canals, channels and anicuts that were built\/ constructed by the Ancient Kings; and linked the big tanks that abound the North Central plains and the tanks up to the North Eastern coast of Sri Lanka. It is said that a research done by the University of Peradeniya revealed the causes of the silting up of the ancient irrigation systems was the clearing of the forests on the hillside for the tea plantations; besides that of the British administration\u2019s gross \u00a0neglect and \u201cstep-motherly\u201d treatment meted out to Paddy Cultivation. Of course the British regime did what they did, that was conducive to their own domestic and commercial needs; and that which would bring in more revenue to fill their own coffers; at whatever cost they deemed necessary.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">So we now have an industry that is no second to any in the World \u2013 the renowned \u201cTea\u201d beverage, at the cost of losing the old boast of \u201cGranary of the East\u201d. But the ecological effects on the environment was never a consideration in these exploitations; and now appears to dawn on us, as we are mired in the midst of \u201cGlobal Warming\u201d which as a serious threat to humanity. As the saying goes \u201cYou win some; you lose some\u201d; it is more like \u201cYou win some; and lose a heck of a lot more\u201d; or is it appropriate to use an old English saying of \u201cPenny wise; Pound foolish? So learned Reader, please weigh the \u201cPros &amp; Cons\u201d and give this topic a deep look as to whether overall we have achieved the best for the country?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">In addition to the coffee and tea plantations, the British also planted rubber trees and created large \u201crubber Plantations\u201d; mainly in the lower levels of the Southern hillsides of Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Though it was lucrative at that time it was soon to lose its commercial value after World War II; and with the influx of synthetic materials that were to soon substitute for natural rubber. Thus ending the boon in the requirement of this commodity. But here again the synthetic materials have come to haunt us and affect us in myriad ways. Hopefully one will see a resurgence of the Rubber Industry that has seen much neglect in the past few decades.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">We in Sri Lanka have to however thank the British for the implementation and construction of an efficient communication (transportation) system in the building of a \u201cBroad Gauge\u201d Railway line to the hill country to mainly transport the processed tea to the Metropolis; and a \u201cNarrow Gauge\u201d Railway line system for rubber and low-grown tea.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The British also left behind various customs, traditions and educational systems including religion in the country of occupation. Instilled laws and discipline among the indigenous peoples of the land. The British were helped by a few leading native figures who wielded influence over the local populace; for which services they were gifted with many properties and stipends; with the addition of being bestowed with titles and honours in keeping and in accordance to British protocols. Some of the natives who curried favour with the foreigners even went on (in extreme cases) to ape the so called \u201cwhite sahibs\u2019\u201d; with the locals calling them \u201cpukka sahibs\u201d. The worst was when the indigenous folks got \u201chooked\u201d on to the habits of dependency and craving for foreign made goods; that were no doubt, a boon to the economy of the Motherland of the Colonial Power; as well as the other industrialized countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><strong><u>Aftermath of Colonialism<\/u><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">It was in the year 1950; 2 years after attaining Independence that we were taught a subject called \u201cCivics*\u201d. The Teachers candid\/straight forward question to the class was \u2013 \u201cDo you know why the Colonialists invaded countries alien to them?\u201d He further explained this by saying \u2013 Imagine the Country has a large cake. The cake cut into slices was sufficient for each inhabitant of the Colonist. However when the population increased that sliver of cake got smaller in size. It was then incumbent on the Colonialists to send the excess out of the country so as to enable the slice of cake to enhance the size of slice. This excess population comprising of administrators, soldiers, conscripts and mercenaries were sent out to invade other countries and to colonize them. Furthermore the plunder and the raping of resources of the captured lands were sent back to their Motherland to further enhance their coffers. Hence the piece of cake for those domiciles would get \u201cenhanced (bigger)\u201d; and the country as a whole would be benefitted economically and thus prosper. He further continued that the day would surely come when the Land of Occupation has to be given back to the indigenous people; and then there is the possibility of the slice of cake getting thinner and thinner. That in a nutshell was his explanation on Colonialism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><em>*Civics as defined in Wikipedia: \u201cCivics is the study of the theoretical, political, and practical aspects of citizenship; as well as its right and duties, the duties of citizens to each other as members of a political body and to the government. It includes the study of civil law and civil code, and the study of government with attention to the role of the citizens \u2013 as opposed to external factors \u2013 in the operation and oversight of government.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><em>Webster Dictionary defines it as: \u201cA study of civic affairs and the duties and rights of citizenship\u201d. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">But the Colonials did leave behind their habits and practices that required the purchase of technology including machinery, wherewithal and many of the \u201chome comforts\u201d that the indigenous people have now got used to. Thus in the present context it would be \u201cliving upto the Joneses\u201d in an era called the great \u201cGlobal Economy\u201d. To a country that has very limited Research &amp; Development capabilities; and to keep pace with the ever changing advancement in technology, there is no option but to import technology and associated goods as dictated; and as advocated by the Industrialized Countries who to a very large extent comprises of the old Colonialist Powers. It could be tantamount to \u201cindustrialized blackmail\u201d to cater to our dependency; and to fulfill and satisfy the cravings of the country. Furthermore these Colonialists also created a \u201cbrain drain\u201d in which they offered lucrative jobs for the very intelligent, talented and qualified. Many succumbed to the lure of the mullah, thus leaving a vacuum in their Motherland and further deteriorating the concept of Research &amp; Development in their country of birth. Hence one sees the creation of the \u201cGreed Factor\/Monster\u201d in the lifestyle of a country.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">In fact with the many Trade &amp; Tariffs and Free Trade Pacts\/Agreements, our Motherland is now universally known for its cheap human labour; as we are dependent on such foreign imports; and the need for \u201cForeign Exchange\u201d to deal with the rest of the World. So instead of the \u201cBarter System\u201d in the days of yore where goods were exchanged for goods; it is now labour that is being exchanged to buy our needs from other countries. It is a \u201ccatch 22\u201d situation indeed \u2013 either \u201csink or swim\u201d, comes to mind. Our agrarian economy has come to a slump requiring the import of the staple food of the populace &#8211; \u201crice\u201d and \u201cLentils\u201d; that now needs importation to cope up with the demand. The economy of the country is now based more on the tea exports, tourism, and manufacturing with emphasis mainly on clothing, using cheap labour as our \u201ctrump\u201d card or \u201cdangling a carrot\u201d in front of manufacturers\/industrialist of foreign agencies. To tout for such business. Most materials for the manufacture are, of course, imported for this purpose. The only silver lining in the cloud being that there is employment for the locals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The thirst for imported goods seems insatiable; with most of the foreign exchange going to service these needs. Needless to say the influence of Western Culture has a hand in this. It is also known that the country has incurred enormous sums of money on many infra structure extravaganza for the betterment and beautification of the country \u2013 which is wonderful. But at what cost and how were the cost met? &#8211; is the problem that remains to be answered. Servicing the interest from loans acquired must surely hurt. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The Government also gives encouragement to the citizens to seek employment in foreign lands; so that the much needed \u201cforeign exchange\u201d will flow into the country. Thus helping in keeping a healthy foreign exchange reserve for necessary imports and other purposes, from foreign countries. Again, a case of barter of Labour for Foreign Exchange.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The bread-winners of the Nation, the farmer, a most neglected V.I.P of the country appears to have taken a back-seat in this era of so called \u201cindustrialization\u201d. They also appear to be a diminishing race in this age of mechanisation, manufacture &amp; industry. Hopefully they will receive the necessary encouragement and support of the people and the governmental authorities. Like the Honey Bee, the farmers are the life line of propagation in the production of rice for the Nation. Give the farmer the respect and \u201cpride of place\u201d, he so deserves; and let\u2019s work towards making Sri Lanka \u201cThe Granary of the East\u201d once again; and rekindle\/resurrect the pride and foresight of our great Ancient Kings of yore.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><u>Independence<\/u>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">With time the local populace were soon to tire of being under foreign rule and the clamour for Independence was born. In this respect the populace stood \u201cshoulder to shoulder\u201d and \u201c<strong>together<\/strong>\u201d in their clamour.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">It was in the year 1948 that Ceylon (Sri Lanka) was granted Independence. Virtually given \u201con a plate\u201d as opposed to other countries that had revolts\/ rebellions and other non-violent \u201csatyagraha\u201d\/Civil disobedience movements to seek Independence. Thank God! The British did not divide our Motherland as they did to the sub-continent of India. For it is a known fact that Colonial Powers were known to follow a Principle of \u201cDivide &amp; Rule\u201d in each and every country they invaded and occupied.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">We, of course, had many of those who served in high positions with the Colonialist heading the Political arena and finding themselves elected to the House of Parliament. Which of course was a legacy the British left behind for seeking support towards their own country. The rest is history.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Having received our Independence we did remain a Dominion in the Commonwealth for a period of time. We are now a Republic and still continue to remain in the British Commonwealth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">The setback now (in the modern days) is that the concept of \u201c<strong>Togetherness<\/strong>\u201d appears to be a far off cry. We now have the concept of \u201c<strong>Unity<\/strong>\u201d that is being advocated and propagated; especially by Politicians (World-wide, of course). Unity is such a loosely used term. Yes! The old saying is \u201cUnited we win; and divided we fall\u201d. But in reality we always stand in unity in a crisis; and don\u2019t you think that when the crisis is over we stand united, with the majority ruling over the minority in situations where the majority wishes to have its own? Don\u2019t you think that the advocation and propagation of \u201c<strong>Togetherness<\/strong>\u201d should be foremost; rather than the politically instituted and bantered about policy of \u201c<strong>Unity<\/strong>\u201d? I leave this question in the hands of the Learned Reader.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">Noor Rahim\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\">January 13, 2022<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim The Advent. Before the invasion of far off lands by foreign powers, that spread its\u2019 wings, sails and tentacles into alien lands; the inhabitants of these lands lived a virtually \u201cpeaceful life\u201d, except for internal squabbles among themselves and perhaps the \u00a0\u00a0neigbouring countries. They were [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":84303,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[7684,24972,41137,41134,41135,41136],"class_list":{"0":"post-84302","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-aside","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-articles","8":"tag-africa","9":"tag-kandyan-kingdom","10":"tag-mahaweli-ganga","11":"tag-outh-asia","12":"tag-south-east-asia","13":"tag-spice-route","14":"post_format-post-format-aside"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.7.1 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim - eLanka<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Before the invasion of far off lands by foreign powers, that spread its\u2019 wings, sails and tentacles into alien lands; the inhabitants of these lands lived a virtually \u201cpeaceful life\u201d,\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Before the invasion of far off lands by foreign powers, that spread its\u2019 wings, sails and tentacles into alien lands; the inhabitants of these lands lived a virtually \u201cpeaceful life\u201d,\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"eLanka\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/eLanka.com.au\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-01-16T07:31:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Advent-of-Colonialism-and-its-Aftermath-By-Noor-Rahim.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"443\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"eLanka admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"eLanka admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"14 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"eLanka admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#\/schema\/person\/f6e635b74ab35ef88a68a9973cacc5bd\"},\"headline\":\"The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-01-16T07:31:30+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/\"},\"wordCount\":2974,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Advent-of-Colonialism-and-its-Aftermath-By-Noor-Rahim.jpeg\",\"keywords\":[\"Africa\",\"Kandyan Kingdom\",\"Mahaweli Ganga\",\"outh Asia\",\"South-East Asia\",\"Spice Route\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Articles\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/\",\"name\":\"The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim - eLanka\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Advent-of-Colonialism-and-its-Aftermath-By-Noor-Rahim.jpeg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-01-16T07:31:30+00:00\",\"description\":\"Before the invasion of far off lands by foreign powers, that spread its\u2019 wings, sails and tentacles into alien lands; the inhabitants of these lands lived a virtually \u201cpeaceful life\u201d,\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Advent-of-Colonialism-and-its-Aftermath-By-Noor-Rahim.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Advent-of-Colonialism-and-its-Aftermath-By-Noor-Rahim.jpeg\",\"width\":600,\"height\":443,\"caption\":\"The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Articles\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/category\/articles\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/\",\"name\":\"eLanka\",\"description\":\"eLanka - Sri lanka events in Australia\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#organization\",\"name\":\"eLanka\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/elanka-logo.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/elanka-logo.jpg\",\"width\":192,\"height\":82,\"caption\":\"eLanka\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/eLanka.com.au\/\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/elanka\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/SriLankanDownUnder\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#\/schema\/person\/f6e635b74ab35ef88a68a9973cacc5bd\",\"name\":\"eLanka admin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2e0d346a7f97b80e861cdeafe7b7de523b59f5060666f1a5da8369457bf9b6c3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2e0d346a7f97b80e861cdeafe7b7de523b59f5060666f1a5da8369457bf9b6c3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"eLanka admin\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/author\/elanka\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim - eLanka","description":"Before the invasion of far off lands by foreign powers, that spread its\u2019 wings, sails and tentacles into alien lands; the inhabitants of these lands lived a virtually \u201cpeaceful life\u201d,","robots":{"index":"noindex","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim","og_description":"Before the invasion of far off lands by foreign powers, that spread its\u2019 wings, sails and tentacles into alien lands; the inhabitants of these lands lived a virtually \u201cpeaceful life\u201d,","og_url":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/","og_site_name":"eLanka","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/eLanka.com.au\/","article_published_time":"2022-01-16T07:31:30+00:00","og_image":[{"width":600,"height":443,"url":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Advent-of-Colonialism-and-its-Aftermath-By-Noor-Rahim.jpeg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"eLanka admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"eLanka admin","Est. reading time":"14 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/"},"author":{"name":"eLanka admin","@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#\/schema\/person\/f6e635b74ab35ef88a68a9973cacc5bd"},"headline":"The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim","datePublished":"2022-01-16T07:31:30+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/"},"wordCount":2974,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Advent-of-Colonialism-and-its-Aftermath-By-Noor-Rahim.jpeg","keywords":["Africa","Kandyan Kingdom","Mahaweli Ganga","outh Asia","South-East Asia","Spice Route"],"articleSection":["Articles"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/","url":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/","name":"The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim - eLanka","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Advent-of-Colonialism-and-its-Aftermath-By-Noor-Rahim.jpeg","datePublished":"2022-01-16T07:31:30+00:00","description":"Before the invasion of far off lands by foreign powers, that spread its\u2019 wings, sails and tentacles into alien lands; the inhabitants of these lands lived a virtually \u201cpeaceful life\u201d,","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Advent-of-Colonialism-and-its-Aftermath-By-Noor-Rahim.jpeg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/The-Advent-of-Colonialism-and-its-Aftermath-By-Noor-Rahim.jpeg","width":600,"height":443,"caption":"The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/the-advent-of-colonialism-and-its-aftermath-by-noor-rahim-2\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Articles","item":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/category\/articles\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"The Advent of Colonialism and its Aftermath By Noor Rahim"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#website","url":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/","name":"eLanka","description":"eLanka - Sri lanka events in Australia","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#organization","name":"eLanka","url":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/elanka-logo.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/elanka-logo.jpg","width":192,"height":82,"caption":"eLanka"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/eLanka.com.au\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/elanka\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/SriLankanDownUnder"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#\/schema\/person\/f6e635b74ab35ef88a68a9973cacc5bd","name":"eLanka admin","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2e0d346a7f97b80e861cdeafe7b7de523b59f5060666f1a5da8369457bf9b6c3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2e0d346a7f97b80e861cdeafe7b7de523b59f5060666f1a5da8369457bf9b6c3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"eLanka admin"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew"],"url":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/author\/elanka\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/84302","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=84302"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/84302\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":84304,"href":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/84302\/revisions\/84304"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/84303"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=84302"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=84302"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=84302"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}