{"id":92053,"date":"2022-05-16T07:30:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-16T07:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/?p=92053"},"modified":"2022-05-16T07:30:00","modified_gmt":"2022-05-16T07:30:00","slug":"alagu-subramaniam-the-unfolding-of-a-ceylonese-author-by-michael-roberts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/alagu-subramaniam-the-unfolding-of-a-ceylonese-author-by-michael-roberts\/","title":{"rendered":"Alagu Subramaniam \u2026.The Unfolding of a Ceylonese Author-by Michael Roberts"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alagu Subramaniam \u2026.The Unfolding of a Ceylonese Author-by Michael Roberts<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

Source:<\/span><\/strong>Thuppahis<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Michael<\/p>\n

Premila Thurairatnam,\u00a0\u00a0an essay that will appear in\u00a0THE CEYLANKAN<\/em>\u00a0of May 2022\u00a0\u2026.. with highlghting imposed by the Editor, Thuppahi<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Further to my article in the November 2020 issue of The CEYLANKAN\u00a0 entitled\u00a0The Extraordinary Alagu Subramaniam<\/em>,\u00a0I present the findings from my research into how this short story writer formulated some of his stories almost a century ago.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>He was commended in the\u00a0Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English<\/em>\u00a0as an exemplar of professionalism in the short story and that he wrote fiction of merit1<\/sup><\/strong>. So, I think my effort on his work<\/span><\/p>\n

is worthwhile.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Alagu<\/p>\n

Alagu in 1947 aged 37 when he returned to Ceylon from England<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Let\u2019s begin with what is considered his finest short story \u2018Professional Mourners\u2019<\/strong>\u00a0where he points out the inhumanity of the caste system2<\/sup>.<\/strong>\u00a0The narrator is a child remembering the details of his Hindu grandmother\u2019s funeral and the importance attached to the presence of a group of lower caste women hired to wail there. Subramaniam demonstrates how the upper middle classes displayed their social significance at the expense of such women. The story was first published in the 1940 Spring edition of the\u00a0Indian Writing<\/em>\u00a0magazine, when Subramaniam was living in London3<\/sup>. Two years before that, his younger brother had died in Ceylon aged 19. He had contracted tuberculosis at the boarding house whilst studying for a medical degree in Colombo University College. This sad incident may have inspired this story and since he couldn\u2019t travel back to Ceylon for the funeral, he wrote it at the age of 28. He even recalls the words used by the professional mourners:<\/span><\/p>\n

Answer for the sake of your loved ones!<\/span><\/p>\n

Open those eyes that are shaped like a fish!<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Like those of Minakshi, famed goddess of Madura!<\/span><\/p>\n

Your grandson has come, wake up, my beloved!<\/span><\/p>\n

Your grandson has come, wake up my darling!<\/span><\/p>\n

When the story came out in the\u00a0Indian Writing<\/em>\u00a0magazine, it caused a stir in Bloomsbury and the commentary of the following issue claimed that the new issue did not smell quite so highly of mortality in response to an otherwise sympathetic critic who described them as \u2018Professional Mourners\u20193<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Subramaniam travelled to England in 1933, just 23 years to study law. Most of his stories were written in his twenties and thirties. His next great story \u2018The Mathematician\u2019 appeared in the 1940 Summer edition of\u00a0Indian Writing<\/em>3<\/sup><\/strong>. It achieved a distinction of being included in the German volume\u00a0Briefly Told: The Finest Stories in World Literature\u00a0<\/em>and being compared to a piece of humorous raillery\u00a0\u00a0<\/sup>by the great Russian author Anton Checkhov2<\/sup><\/strong>. There, male dominance in the Jaffna society is depicted, through the restriction imposed on the wife against walking abreast with her husband; she, being educated, walks half a step behind, unlike an uneducated wife ruled by one step. In this one and several other stories, he uses the names of his family members, for instance, Subhadra and Chandran are his niece and nephew, respectively. But, in the story Chandran became Chandram; perhaps, because he thought it was a better name for a professor.<\/span><\/p>\n

Next, we will look at the story \u2018This time<\/strong>\u00a0the Fan<\/strong>\u2019 published in the magazine\u00a0Left Review<\/em>4<\/sup>, in London as early as 1937 when he was 27. When he included it in\u00a0The Big Girl<\/em>\u00a0book published in 1964, he had edited it in his early fifties and changed the title to \u2018The Fan\u2019. He had also changed the name of one of the main characters from Rajan to Kirupa, latter being his baby brother whom he was fond of and dedicated the book to. The evolution of his writing can be seen here. In London, he was continually writing for several media outlets including radio, literary magazines, while thinking, reading, talking about writing and literature. As a result, over a very long period, he honed a particular style, a \u2018quiet\u2019 one \u2014 meaning, that the details in his stories are very selective \u2013 hard to appreciate because you don\u2019t see all the material he could have used, only the material he chose to use. Likewise, there are many themes he could have selected, but the more knowledgeable and experienced he became, the more themes he rejected, since others have encompassed them. In this way he developed themes and ideas uniquely of interest to him and, in a distinctive way, he developed a distinctive voice. Eventually, his technique and voice became integrated with the thematic material, allowing its presentation in very subtle (and economic) ways, until each seems inseparable: the mark of the greatest and erudite writers.<\/span><\/p>\n

The opening line in \u2018This time the Fan\u2019<\/strong>\u00a0(version 1) \u201cThe whole school was mortally afraid of the Headmaster\u201d has been omitted in \u2018The Fan\u2019 (version 2). Many sentences in version 1 have been made succinct in version 2; \u201cHe then used his fan, and the cool breeze refreshed his limbs and also prevented him from sneezing too frequently\u201d became \u201cHe then worked his fan and the resulting breeze soothed him and arrested the recurrence of his sneeze\u201d. \u201cHe kept his students attentive with his fan\u201d became \u201cHe canvassed the attention of his students with his fan\u201d. Similarly, the vocabulary became sophisticated; \u201cNoise was re-echoed by the walls of adjoining classrooms\u201d became \u201cNoise reverberated in the adjoining classrooms\u201d. \u201cHe beat them sideways\u201d became \u201cHe beat them on their flanks\u201d. \u2018Aesthetic joy\u2019 became \u2018Aesthetic delight\u2019. \u201cShe was happy and full of excitement\u201d became \u201cShe soared skyward on a rocket of surprise and delight\u201d. \u201cHe then joined his father in the field\u201d became \u201cHe partnered his father in the open\u201d. \u201cBala had great admiration for Rajan\u201d became \u201cMylan evinced great admiration for Kirupa\u201d. The deliciously funny \u201cHis fat wife stood by like a wine barrel without legs\u201d is missing in version 1. The protagonist in version 1 is Bala but Mylan in version 2, probably because \u201cOh Myla! Oi Mylan! Ohe Myloo! sounds far more absorbing than \u201cOi Bala, Oh Bala, Ohe Bala\u201d. Additionally, version 1 mentions the rich boy as the son of a successful lawyer, but version 2 mentions him as the son of a high court judge which is closer to biographical detail, their father being a district judge. Interestingly, version 1 says how Bala could not bring a letter from his father for being late unlike his classmates, simply because his father couldn\u2019t write and the fact that a letter from him wouldn\u2019t have any effect, implying he was considered a low caste. This has been omitted in version 2. Was Subramaniam holding back from overtly exposing the prejudices of society and avoiding trouble? Letters from professional parents will be accepted but those from a poor farmer, disregarded and his son was cruelly afflicted.<\/span><\/p>\n

He certainly did that even with the story \u2018Conversation\u2019 which later became \u2018Tennis\u2019 where he decided to refrain from conspicuously writing about his sister and brother-in-law. Latter had been the youngest (aged 35) Ceylonese recipient of the O.B.E in 1943 for laying essential communication lines during WWII. \u2018Conversation\u2019 was read on the home service of the BBC in 1945. Presumably, he wrote it in London soon after the great event. The story is about two wives at a tennis court boasting about their husbands, a lawyer and a doctor, and at the same time denouncing other women who talk about nothing else but their spouses. In the course of the conversation, one asks the other if she was going to Leela\u2019s garden party. Leela, the engineer\u2019s wife was hosting it because her husband had been awarded the O.B.E. When the story was included in\u00a0The Big Girl<\/em>, 20 years later in Ceylon, the title was changed to \u2018Tennis\u2019 and there was no mention of the O.B.E, other than a promotion. What he didn\u2019t change was that when one wife enquires why he was awarded the O.B.E\/promotion, the other cynically remarks, \u201cFor putting up some electrical installations or telephones, I don\u2019t know which,\u201d hinting that the achievement was rather insignificant.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u00a0Figure 2: Radio Times February 23rd<\/sup>, 1945 (from the BBC archives5<\/sup>)<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

4:15 STORIES OLD AND NEW<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u2013 \u2018The Customer\u2019s Always Right\u2019 written and read by Albert Saphier<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. \u2013 \u2018Conversation\u2019 an Indian story written by Subramaniam, and read by Coomi Kharus<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Remarkable that we can still find out what the radio program was for a given day, 76 years ago. It\u2019s doubtful that it will be possible with today\u2019s programming. This is a significant issue for social historians. Thanks to the BBC archives and Radio Times, the script of the story with its annotations and clarifications in order to be read on radio (Fig 3) are preserved. \u00a0Corrections made in a radio (or story) script would now be made in digital format with the original version overwritten.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a>\u00a0Figure 3: Script annotated for reading\u00a0<\/em>(from the BBC archives5<\/sup>)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Note: D refers to Doctor\u2019s wife & L to Lawyer\u2019s wife<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/em>Thus, although Subramaniam was critical of his seminal society, he was sympathetic with it, when he matured and emerged as a professional, didactic and naturalistic writer. To quote one of Sri Lanka\u2019s eminent scholars Dr E.A. Gamini Fonseka, former Senior Professor in English at the Dept. of English & Linguistics, Ruhuna University, \u201cAlthough Subramaniam was a Christian, he was rational and not bound by any institutionalised form of thinking and his unassuming nature is vivid in his intolerance of false pride at any level.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

    END NOTES<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Eugene Benson, L.W. Conolly, Encyclopeida of Post-Colonial Literatures in English<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      https:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=UmfMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT2277&lpg=PT2277&dq=encyclopedia+of+postcolonial+literature+alagu+subramaniam&source=bl&ots=J06WhMB7FO&sig=ACfU3U1c7RE9IVlcHnEWd3GwcHAYCuJbdw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiI4bzGtezyAhXxzDgGHdFBCwcQ6AF6BAgIEAM<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Alagu Subramaniam, The Big Girl (1964), Reprint 2018<\/span><\/li>\n
      2. British Library, Indian Writing, Shelfmark ST-1803<\/span><\/li>\n
      3. British Library, Left Review, Shelfmark P.P.5938.baw.\u00a0http:\/\/explore.bl.uk\/BLVU1:LSCOP-ALL:BLL01011121605<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n
      4. Permission to include has been obtained from the BBC archives<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \n

        \n

        \n

        \n

        \n

        \n

        \"\"<\/a>\u00a0The authoress Premila Thurairatnam<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
        \n

        <\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Alagu Subramaniam \u2026.The Unfolding of a Ceylonese Author-by Michael Roberts Source:Thuppahis Premila Thurairatnam,\u00a0\u00a0an essay that will appear in\u00a0THE CEYLANKAN\u00a0of May 2022\u00a0\u2026.. with highlghting imposed by the Editor, Thuppahi Further to my article in the November 2020 issue of The CEYLANKAN\u00a0 entitled\u00a0The Extraordinary Alagu Subramaniam,\u00a0I present the findings from my research into how this short story […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":92054,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[44173,44175,29441,44174],"class_list":{"0":"post-92053","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-aside","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-articles","8":"tag-alagu-subramaniam","9":"tag-dr-e-a-gamini-fonseka","10":"tag-michael-roberts","11":"tag-premila-thurairatnam","12":"post_format-post-format-aside"},"yoast_head":"\nAlagu Subramaniam \u2026.The Unfolding of a Ceylonese Author-by Michael Roberts<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Premila Thurairatnam,\u00a0\u00a0an essay that will appear in\u00a0THE CEYLANKAN\u00a0of May 2022\u00a0\u2026.. with highlghting imposed by the Editor, Thuppahi\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Alagu Subramaniam \u2026.The Unfolding of a Ceylonese Author-by Michael Roberts\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Premila Thurairatnam,\u00a0\u00a0an essay that will appear in\u00a0THE CEYLANKAN\u00a0of May 2022\u00a0\u2026.. with highlghting imposed by the Editor, Thuppahi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/alagu-subramaniam-the-unfolding-of-a-ceylonese-author-by-michael-roberts\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"eLanka\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/eLanka.com.au\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-05-16T07:30:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Alagu-Subramaniam.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"269\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"374\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"eLanka admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"eLanka admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/alagu-subramaniam-the-unfolding-of-a-ceylonese-author-by-michael-roberts\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/alagu-subramaniam-the-unfolding-of-a-ceylonese-author-by-michael-roberts\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"eLanka admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#\/schema\/person\/f6e635b74ab35ef88a68a9973cacc5bd\"},\"headline\":\"Alagu Subramaniam \u2026.The Unfolding of a Ceylonese Author-by Michael Roberts\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-05-16T07:30:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/alagu-subramaniam-the-unfolding-of-a-ceylonese-author-by-michael-roberts\/\"},\"wordCount\":1670,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/alagu-subramaniam-the-unfolding-of-a-ceylonese-author-by-michael-roberts\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Alagu-Subramaniam.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Alagu Subramaniam\",\"Dr E.A. 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