{"id":93642,"date":"2022-06-14T06:30:46","date_gmt":"2022-06-14T06:30:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/?p=93642"},"modified":"2022-06-14T06:39:43","modified_gmt":"2022-06-14T06:39:43","slug":"anglo-ceylonese-a-missing-dimension-in-british-ceylon-by-michael-roberts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/websitedesigns.com.au\/elankanew\/anglo-ceylonese-a-missing-dimension-in-british-ceylon-by-michael-roberts\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cAnglo-Ceylonese\u201d: A Missing Dimension in British Ceylon – By Michael Roberts"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cAnglo-Ceylonese\u201d: A Missing Dimension in British Ceylon – By Michael Roberts<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

\"Michael<\/p>\n

The conquest of the island of Ceilao by the British between 1796 and 1818 was an outcome of their imperial conquests in India and underpinned by their sea power. The presence of their troops and other personnel\u00a0in British India<\/strong>\u00a0was so extensive that in time a new ethnic category-cum-group emerged in the localities (usually towns) with British personnel: namely, the Anglo-Indians.<\/a>[i]<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>By the late 19th<\/sup>\u00a0century these people of mixed descent spawned by British personnel in India stood as a distinct community of Christians speaking Indian English as their mother-tongue and oriented to both India and the United Kingdom.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Source:<\/strong>thuppahis.com<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u201cAnglo-Ceylonese\u201d:
An Anglo-Indian being washed and coiffured<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\"\u201cAnglo-Ceylonese\u201d:<\/p>\n

They were sufficiently prominent to be given one reserved seat in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi in 1919 and then went on to establish the All-India Anglo-Indian Association in 1926.<\/span><\/a>[ii]<\/a>\u00a0Their orientation towards Westernised lifeways was so strong that Anglo-Indians in the southern reaches of India were among those drawn to the music and other consumer services provided by Radio Ceylon in the 20th<\/sup>\u00a0century. One of these artistes was of Anglo-Indian descent: his name was Chris Greet and he was the son of Henry Martyn Greet<\/span><\/a>[iii]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and Ada Paynter (both Anglo-Indians and Salvation Army missionaries).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u201cAnglo-Ceylonese\u201d:
Chris Greet<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ada Paynter happened to be the daughter of a renowned Salvation Army missionary in India, AS Paynter, who had married a fellow missionary, one Miss Anagi Weerasuriya, whose father seems to have been in Bombay, but whose family was from the coastal area of Galle\/Hikkaduwa.<\/span><\/a>[iv]<\/a>\u00a0Unsurprisingly, they extended their missionary endeavours to British Ceylon and their sons attended Trinity College. It was one of their sons, Revd Arnold Paynter, who set up the \u201cNuwara Eliya Children\u2019s Home\u201d to look after poverty- stricken \u201cEurasian\u201d children generated in the planting districts of Uva \u2013 an enterprise that quickly broadened its reach and then became known to the world as the \u201cPaynter Home.\u201d<\/span><\/a>[v]<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u201cAnglo-Ceylonese\u201d:
Revd Paynter and his wife Anage aka Agnes seated with their four children<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\u201cAnglo-Ceylonese\u201d:
Arnold Paynter<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

This background raises an intriguing question: how was it that the category \u201cAnglo-Ceylonese\u201d never took firm root in British Ceylon and Sri Lanka.<\/strong>\u00a0The decisive short answer to this question is that the categories \u201cBurgher\u201d and \u201cEurasian\u201d throttled the need for any such usage.<\/strong>\u00a0These two terms, \u201cBurgher\u201d and \u201cEurasian,\u201d became institutionalised in the census enumerations from 1881 onwards; and,\u00a0as David Blacker indicated to me,<\/strong>\u00a0enter birth certificates as well \u2013 serving to imprint themselves in our thinking. His set of comments\u00a0<\/span><\/a>[vi]<\/a>\u00a0is revelatory:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMichael, while the term \u2018Eurasian\u2019 may have been used pre-independence, the necessity to have an ethnicity entered into one\u2019s Sri Lankan birth certificate left only limited options after independence.\u00a0Anyone of Eurasian descent would have been classified as a Burgher.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>As I understand it, even under the British, the term Burgher meant anyone of non-British but European descent on the paternal side, and not just those of Dutch descent.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Blackers in Ceylon, for instance, were initially of Irish\/English descent (arriving before the British), and later joined by another line of Blackers (seemingly unrelated to the first) who were descended from a Blacker raised in a Madras orphanage for children \u2018of European descent\u2019 orphaned by the Indian Mutiny (he was very likely Anglo-Indian). The Blackers have since married into families of Dutch, German, English, and Tamil descent,\u00a0and are probably Eurasian, technically, but are Burgher, officially.\u201d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The insidious power of the census system is underlined when one considers<\/strong>\u00a0the first census undertaken by the British administration in Ceylon in 1871<\/a>, a rough and ready job which permitted all manner of self-definitions and did not box people into bureaucratic definitions. The details within this census operation were made available in the Appendices within the book\u00a0People Inbetween: The Burghers and the Middle Class in the Transformations within Sri Lanka, 1790s-1960s<\/strong><\/em>. produced by Roberts, Colin-Thome & Raheem in 1989.\u00a0Iranga Silva of the ICES in Kandy has now made this accessible in digital form (see below).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

It is a revealing document \u2013 even startling. Taking up the self-definitions that are pertinent to our focus here, let me present an interesting statistical table that amalgamates males and females under the collective categories they seem to have utilised.<\/span><\/p>\n

In Ceylon\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 in Colombo<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Burgher\u00a0\u00a0 `\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5771\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2766<\/span><\/p>\n

Eurasian\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 3431\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1596<\/span><\/p>\n

Dutch\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2256\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01193<\/span><\/p>\n

Portuguese\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a01229\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 460<\/span><\/p>\n

European\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 639\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 210<\/span><\/p>\n

European descendant\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 203\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 69<\/span><\/p>\n

Portuguese descendant\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a060\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 25<\/span><\/p>\n

Indo-Briton\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 57\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 44<\/span><\/p>\n

Note that the 1871 householders schedule requested each person to provide his or her \u201cNationality or Race,\u201d Relation to head of family; Condition; Sex; Age at last birthday; Profession or Occupation; Where born;\u00a0Race<\/strong>; Religious Denomination.<\/span><\/p>\n

In reflecting on these statistics, obviously, we must take note of the island\u2019s place in the seafaring trade crisscrossing the Indian Ocean and the fact that Galle was the main port for passenger ships at that point of time, though the open roadstead of Colombo was also of some significance. Traders and businessmen from the Coromandel, Kerala, Bombay and Gujarati coasts would have added to the cosmopolitan mix of the island\u2019s coastal trading posts.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nestling with insignificant numerical weight within this table are the categories \u201cAnglo-Indian\u201d, \u201cAnglo-Saxon\u201d, \u201cAnglo-Scotch\u201d and \u201cAnglo-Swiss\u201d.\u00a0There were, however, 176 persons in the island who defined themselves as \u201cCeylonese\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0with 10 of this lot located in Colombo. This is, arguably, the most politically significant category within this table \u2013 marking the influence of liberal political thought and incipient nationalism presented by the Young Ceylon circle associated with James Ambrose Lorenz, George Nell, Charles Ferdinands, Louis Nell and James De Alwis in the early 1850s \u2014 a phenomenon that happens to be one of the themes elucidated in\u00a0People Inbetween<\/em>. These young men were well read, even brilliant and original in their capacities. They were also inspired by the radical political currents in Europe at that time associated with the Risorgimento and such advocacy groups as Young Italy and Young England.<\/span><\/a>[vii]<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u201cAnglo-Ceylonese\u201d:
Louis Nell; George Frederick Nell; CA Lorenz; James De Alwis; and Charles A. L, Ferdinands clockwise from top left<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

As significantly,\u00a0no persons defined themselves as \u201cAnglo-Ceylonese\u201d in 1871.<\/strong>\u00a0Thereafter, once the colonial governmental adopted the categories \u201cEurasian\u201d and \u201cBurgher\u201d in the decennial censuses mounted periodically from 1881, the openings for that term seem to have been foreclosed.<\/span><\/p>\n

BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

<\/h3>\n

James R Maher:\u00a0<\/strong>These Are the Anglo Indians<\/strong><\/em>,\u00a0London: Simon Wallenberg Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

Muttiah:\u00a0Anglo-Indians: 500 Year History,\u00a0<\/strong>https:\/\/www.amazon.com.au\/Anglo-indians-500-Year-History-S-Muthiah-ebook\/dp\/B08KXTKB76<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Michael Roberts et al:\u00a0People Inbetween. The Burghers and the Middle Class in the transformations within Sri Lanka,\u00a0<\/strong>Ratmalana, Sarvodaya Printers, 1989.<\/span><\/p>\n

Michael Roberts:\u00a0\u201cThe Nomenclature and Lineaments of White-Brown Cohabitation in British Ceylon: A Puzzle,\u201d<\/strong>\u00a016 October 2021,\u00a0https:\/\/thuppahis.com\/2021\/10\/17\/the-nomenclature-and-lineaments-of-white-brown-cohabitation-in-british-ceylon-a-puzzle\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Thuppahi 2021<\/strong>\u00a0\u201cRevelations: Nationalities in the 1871 Census of British Ceylon,\u201d<\/strong>\u00a01 November 2021,\u00a0https:\/\/thuppahis.com\/2021\/11\/19\/revelations-nationalities-in-the-1871-census-of-british-ceylon\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

David Paynter: Consummate Painter, A Ceylonese and A Trinitian<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

END NOTES<\/strong><\/h3>\n

<\/h3>\n

1\u00a0<\/strong>Wikipedia notes that there are circa 200,000 in Bangladesh today; while India has about 125-150,000 and the UK 86,000; while Canada, Australia and USA have around 20,000 of Anglo-Indian descent \u2014\u00a0https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Indian<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2<\/strong>\u00a0The\u00a0All India Anglo-Indian Association<\/a>, founded in 1926, has long represented the interests of this ethnic group; it holds that Anglo-Indians are unique in that they are\u00a0Christians<\/a>, speak [Indian English|English]] as their mother tongue, and have a historical link to both Europe and India.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/strong>\u00a0Henry Martyn Greet was born in Meerut in 1902 (see ..<\/p>\n

<\/a>[4]<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>See\u00a0https:\/\/icmchurch.webs.com\/thefounderthebeginning.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>[5]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0See\u00a0http:\/\/www.paynterhome.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>[6]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0An Email memo in November 2021.<\/p>\n

<\/a>[7]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0See Roberts et al\u00a0People Inbetween,<\/em>\u00a01989, pp. 59-67, 70-79, 109-10, 114, 135, 152-65, 172-73, 178-79.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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